Tehran University of Medical Sciences Acta Biochimica Iranica 0001-5261 4 1 2026 03 25 16 25 Mehdi Hooshmandi Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Khosrow Adeli Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada 2026 06 11 Clinical Chemistry and Medical Biochemistry are evolving fields that play a crucial role in disease diagnosis, treatment, screening, and prevention. They ensure that laboratory values are not mere numbers but actionable information that enables healthcare team to make accurate and appropriate decisions. In Canada, the field has been shaped through decades of collaboration, standardization, and academic innovation, resulting in two distinctive pathways system comprising Clinical Chemists (postdoctoral fellowship) and Medical Biochemists (Residency program). This review aims to outline the significant historical events that have influenced the profession, starting with the establishment of the Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists in 1956 to the present structure of accredited training programs, regulatory supervision, and education based on competencies. We present a summary of existing educational routes, featuring fellowship initiatives for PhD graduates at Canadian universities and Royal College residency programs for medical doctors, detailing their frameworks, accreditation criteria, and certification procedures. We also explore the various career paths the graduates can seek, including roles in hospital laboratories, academic medicine, public health, industry, and regulatory bodies. The review highlights not only the quality and the scope of Canadian biochemistry training but also the key role Clinical Chemists and Medical Biochemists play in connecting analytical science with patient-focused care. https://abi.tums.ac.ir/index.php/abi/article/view/199 https://abi.tums.ac.ir/index.php/abi/article/download/199/135